Theġ00 square foot detector on HEAO-A was only 7 times Sensitivity of these detectors was limited by the background and itĬould therefore only increase with the square root of the area. In the “High Energy Astronomical Observatory-A” in 1977. Of NRL and AS&E, in the first X-ray observatory “UHURU” in 1970, and GeigerĬounters and proportional counters were used in the discovery flights Produced by each photon was proportional to its energy. Its energy in the proportional counters the electrical signal Photon absorbed in their gaseous volume, but gave no information as to In the 50s and 60s, thin window Geiger or Observations in X-ray astronomy consist normally in the detection of In the last decades X-ray observations have become a necessary and These telescopes which has permitted the rapid improvement in The most numerous) that can reach us from cosmological distances.įurthermore X-rays (as opposed to gamma rays) can beįocused with grazing incidence telescopes and it is the development of Resulting in the heating of plasmas to extremely high temperaturesĪll of these phenomena are copious emitters of X-rays whichĪre the lowest energy photons more energetic than UV (and therefore Where particles are accelerated to relativistic energies, or processes High energy phenomena are events such as explosive processes The importance of these studies is due to the prevalence of highĮnergy phenomena in the formation and dynamic evolution of stars and Permitted the discovery of previously unknown celestial objects and As described in what follows X-ray observations have Planetary magnetospheres to stars, to the most distant quasars in the Study of X-ray emission from all types of celestial objects from This improvement in sensitivity of the instrumentation has allowed the Telescopes, which occurred over 400 years. Period by more than 10 billion times, an improvement equal to thatĪchieved in optical astronomy from the naked eye to the 10 meter The sensitivity of X-ray observations has increased in this Important branch of astronomy on par with optical, infrared and In the fifty years since then x-ray astronomy has grown to be an Group at American Science and Engineering (AS&E) led by Sources was obtained in 1962 from an Aerobee rocket by the The first observation of extra- solar x-ray Naval Research Laboratories (NRL) led by Herbertįriedman. The first observations of solar X-rays were carried out inġ948 from captured German V-2 rockets by the group at the Rocket and satellite borne instrumentation. X-ray astronomy had therefore to await the development of X-rays (in the range of energies from 0.5 to 20 keV) mustīe carried out outside the atmosphere at altitudes greater Due to this fact observation of celestial objects in Light in the infrared, in the ultraviolet and in the The atmosphere of the Earth is opaque to most wavelengths of 8 X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies. ![]() 6 X-ray emission from galaxies and active galactic nuclei.
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